36 research outputs found
Changes in the French defence innovation system: New roles and capabilities for the Government Agency for Defence
Defence innovation systems are structured around two main groups of players that interact in the development of complex programmes: the state (the client and the government agency) and the systems integrators. Technological and institutional changes since the 1990s have affected the division of labour and knowledge in the industry. In this paper we show the origins of these changes based on information derived from 45 qualitative interviews conducted between 2000 and 2008, which demonstrate the new capabilities that have been created within the national innovation system (NIS). We explain how the role and the capabilities of the French Government Agency for Defence (Direction Générale de l'Armement - DGA) have developed from " project architect " to " project manager ". These new capabilities create new interactions in the French Defence innovation system and new roles for the DGA.Technological systems, Capabilities, Knowledge, Government agency, Co-evolution, National Innovation System, Defence, Institutional Change.
Changes in the French Defence Innovation System: New roles and capabilities for the Government Agency for Defence.
Defence innovation systems are structured around two main groups of players that interact in the development of complex programmes: the state (the client and the government agency) and the systems integrators. Technological and institutional changes since the 1990s have affected the division of labour and knowledge in the industry. In this paper, we show the origins of these changes based on information derived from 45 qualitative interviews conducted between 2000 and 2008, which demonstrate the new capabilities that have been created within the national innovation system (NIS). We explain how the role and the capabilities of the French Government Agency for Defence (Direction GĂ©nĂ©rale de l'ArmementâDGA) have developed from âproject architectâ to âproject managerâ. These new capabilities create new interactions in the French defence innovation system and new roles for the DGA.Defence; Institutional change; National innovation system; co-evolution; Government agency; Knowledge; Capabilities; Technological systems;
The French defence industry in the knowledge management era: A historical overview and evidence from empirical data
In the defence industry the recent development of âmarket for technology', the creation of new European high-technology companies as well as transformations in government agencies have conducted firms to reposition their technological and organisational skills. Our objective is to show that the transformations that have occurred in the past ten years have not only redefined skills and the organisation of production but have also given a more strategic place to knowledge management practices. Thus, we provide a contextual and historical overview with qualitative interviews in order to better understand the relation between KM and innovative behaviour in this industry. We have also built an original industrial and technological database with various samples that provides quantitative information concerning KM and innovative practices. The results of the statistical analysis reveal the specificity of firms in the defence industry. Taking into account the size of the firms and their technological intensity, we show that the behaviour of firms in the defence industry in terms of KM practices is different to that of other firms. The technological performances, the innovation intensity and the patent intensity also show the specificity of this industry. This structural tendency is explained as an innovative behaviour of the French NIS rather than as a mere âtrendâDefence industry, Knowledge management practices, R&D, innovation, technological performance.
La descripciĂłn del desarrollo del e-learning en instituciones de educaciĂłn superior de la UniĂłn Europea mediante un cuadro de mando integral
El presente estudio estĂĄ estrechamente vinculado a la declaraciĂłn de la ComisiĂłn Europea sobre la iniciativa "E-learning: el diseño de la educaciĂłn del mañana", adoptada el 24 de mayo de 2000. Trata la cuestiĂłn de cĂłmo las instituciones de educaciĂłn superior gestionan y siguen el desarrollo de sus actividades de e-learning. Este tema saliĂł a la luz en el paquete de trabajos n.Âș 3 del proyecto eLene-EE (La economĂa del e-learning 2006-2007), que examina los modelos econĂłmicos del e-learning.
Con la ayuda de un cuadro de mando integral, diseñado por practicantes de e-learning e investigadores en economĂa y gestiĂłn, se describe el desarrollo del e-learning de las instituciones europeas a lo largo de un periodo de tres años (2004-06). El cuadro de mando integral muestra a quĂ© aspectos se da prioridad y cĂłmo actĂșan las instituciones de enseñanza superior usando cuatro dimensiones principales: financiera, clientes/estudiantes, proceso empresarial interno y aprendizaje/crecimiento. Los cuatro ejemplos, de las universidades de Lublin (en nombre de la Universidad Virtual Polaca), el Centro METID de MilĂĄn (Politecnico di Milano) y las universidades de Nancy y Sophia Antipolis de Niza, muestran diferentes estadios de desarrollo, diferentes elecciones estratĂ©gicas y subrayan aspectos comunes que se podrĂan usar para diseñar modelos de evoluciĂłn del e-learning en las instituciones de enseñanza superior europeas
« Ceci tuera cela » ? Dynamique des changements dans lâindustrie du livre
AprĂšs des siĂšcles dâapparente immobilitĂ©, lâindustrie du livre connaĂźt aujourdâhui de profondes mutations. Avec le dĂ©veloppement des TIC, le commerce Ă©lectronique, puis le livre Ă©lectronique, elle est entrĂ©e dans une phase de rĂ©organisation, sous-tendue par lâĂ©mergence de nouveaux marchĂ©s, de nouveaux acteurs, porteurs de bases de connaissances et de technologies nouvelles qui ont considĂ©rablement modifiĂ© ses frontiĂšres. Les liseuses, gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es en 2009 par Amazon, puis les tablettes, apparues en 2011 avec lâiPad, ont crĂ©Ă© plus de bouleversements que des siĂšcles de production. Le livre numĂ©rique a dâabord Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ© comme un « livre homothĂ©tique », la numĂ©risation Ă lâidentique dâun ouvrage existant, mais de fait cette numĂ©risation a rapidement cassĂ© le modĂšle contenu-contenant. Cette dissociation pourrait bien ĂȘtre lâinnovation Ă mĂȘme de bouleverser lâindustrie du livre, apprĂ©hendĂ©e comme un systĂšme sectoriel dâinnovation et de production. Lâarticle montre ainsi que ce sont les contenus, et non pas seulement les contenants, qui sont au cĆur des dynamiques actuelles de changement.After centuries of apparent immobility, the book industry is experiencing profound changes. With the development of ICT, e-commerce and e-book, it entered a phase of reorganization, underpinned by the emergence of new markets, new actors, new knowledge bases and technologies that have significantly changed its boundaries. The e-Readers, generalized in 2009 by Amazon and the tablets, appeared in 2011 with the iPad, have created more upheavals than centuries of production. The e-book was initially considered as a âhomothetic bookâ, but in fact this digitization quickly broke the model content-container. This dissociation might be the innovation able to change the book industry, seen as a sectoral system of innovation and production. The article shows the contents, and not just containers, are at the heart of current dynamics of change
Solving the "selective intervention" puzzle
This paper discusses the way in which the economic literature has solved Williamsonâs selective intervention puzzle: why is that vertical integration, which gives the purchasing firm more control over its trading partner, not always more profitable than vertical separation? I argue that all the models which tackle this problem share a common feature: in the contracts which describe the relations between agents, the principal still makes decisions and acts after the contract is signed. As a consequence, the greater control provided by vertical integration can affect the principalâs ex-post behavior in ways which are ex-ante point of view detrimental to its profits.Lâobjet de lâarticle est de survoler la façon dont la littĂ©rature Ă©conomique a rĂ©solu le « puzzle » de lâintervention sĂ©lective, posĂ© par Williamson: comment se fait-il que lâintĂ©gration verticale ne soit pas toujours plus profitable que la sĂ©paration, alors quâelle donne Ă lâentreprise qui a achetĂ© lâautre plus de moyens de contrĂŽle? Je dĂ©fends la thĂšse suivant laquelle tous les modĂšles qui ont essayĂ© dâilluminer le problĂšme partagent un trait commun: dans les contrats qui dĂ©crivent les relations entre les diffĂ©rents agents, le principal prend des dĂ©cisions et agit aprĂšs que le contrat soit signĂ©. En consĂ©quence, le plus grand contrĂŽle que lui donne lâintĂ©gration verticale peut changer son comportement ex post, dâune façon qui peut ex-ante ĂȘtre contraire Ă ses intĂ©rĂȘts
Dix ans de politique industrielle en Russie
Les nouvelles politiques industrielles, combinant notamment politiques sectorielles et horizontales, sâefforcent aujourdâhui dâintĂ©grer des impĂ©ratifs de concurrence internationale et de croissance soutenable. Pourtant, certaines dâentre elles ont encore recours Ă des interventions trĂšs sĂ©lectives visant par exemple une industrialisation par substitution aux importations ou la protection dâindustries clefs. Câest le cas de la politique industrielle mise en Ćuvre par la FĂ©dĂ©ration de Russie, q..
La nouvelle architecture de lâindustrie de la DĂ©fense en France
Lâarchitecture de lâindustrie de la DĂ©fense se structure autour de deux acteurs essentiels qui interagissent Ă©troitement pour lâĂ©laboration des programmes complexes : les firmes intĂ©grateurs de systĂšmes et lâĂtat, client et maĂźtre dâouvrage des programmes. Au cours des annĂ©es 1990 et 2000, des changements technologiques et institutionnels ont affectĂ© la division du travail et des connaissances. Les entretiens qualitatifs rĂ©alisĂ©s entre 2000 et 2008 ont permis dâobserver les origines de ces mutations. Cet article met en Ă©vidence de nouvelles formes de co-spĂ©cialisation des actifs entre partenaires publics et privĂ©s au sein du systĂšme national dâinnovation. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, il montre comment au sein de cette nouvelle architecture industrielle, le rĂŽle et les compĂ©tences de la DĂ©lĂ©gation GĂ©nĂ©rale pour lâArmement (DGA) ont Ă©voluĂ© en passant de la fonction de « maĂźtre dâouvrage architecte » Ă celle de « maĂźtre dâouvrage des interfaces ».Defense industrial architecture are structured by prime contractors in charge of system integration, and by the States that act as unique clients and owners of the programs. These actors interact closely together for the elaboration of Defense programs. Institutional and technological evolutions have affected the division of labor and the division of knowledge between them since the beginning of the 1990s. We have investigated this process in France, and run a series of qualitative interviews between 2000 and 2008. This article shows new forms of co-specialization between public and private actors in national innovation systems. It shows that roles and competences usually endorsed by the French Defense Procurement Agency (DGA, now Direction gĂ©nĂ©rale pour lâarmement) have specialized from ones of a project architect to ones of a project manager
Platform strategies, ground transportation and tourism: towards perfect mobility ?
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Les logiques concurrentielles de la coopération interentreprises
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